Daily Development for Thursday, October 21, 2004
by: Patrick A. Randolph, Jr.
Elmer F. Pierson Professor of Law
UMKC School of Law
Of Counsel: Blackwell Sanders Peper Martin Kansas City, Missouri dirt@umkc.edu
LANDOWNER LIABILITY; POST TRANSFER LIABILITY; UNKNOWN DEFECTS: Absent
concealment, prior owner of real property is not liable for injuries caused by
defective condition on property after ownership was relinquished, even if prior
owner negligently created condition.
Lewis v Chevron U.S.A., Inc. 119 Cal. App. 4th 690, 14 Cal. Rptr. 3d 636 (2004)
In 1992, Chevron sold property to Berlex. In 2000, a hot water pipe burst on the
property, injuring Lewis. Lewis sued Chevron, among others, for negligence and
premises liability. Chevron successfully moved for summary judgment on the
grounds that it had nothing to do with the property for eight years.
The court of appeal affirmed, holding that, absent concealment, a prior owner of
real property is not liable for injuries caused by a defective condition on the
property long after the owner has relinquished ownership and control, even if
the prior owner negligently created the condition. The court explained that
Chevron, as a seller of real property, was not liable for the injuries that
occurred after Berlex took possession and that were caused by a dangerous
condition that existed at the time the buyer took possession. This rule applies
whether the defect is patent or latent. The court noted that Chevron had no
ability to inspect or test the pipe, to prevent injuries, or insure itself
against any failure. The court opined that Chevron could be liable only if it
knowingly concealed a dangerous condition. Because there was no evidence that
Chevron knew of a defect in the pipe and deliberately concealed that defect,
Chevron could not be liable for Lewis's injuries.
Reporter’s Comment: Caveat emptor can be an extremely comforting doctrine. As
long as an owner is unaware of the defects that exist in the property she is
selling, the sale will preclude liability for those defects (perhaps subject to
a secondary caveat regarding liability for cleanup of toxic waste; but even
there the situation described probably comes within an "innocent landowner"
exception) [the Editor isn’t sure of that conclusion, but never mind.]. The
comfort, however, arises only when it is least needed. The owner who knows of
the dangerous condition and either lies about it or intentionally fails to
disclose it will be liable long after the sale-not merely to her own buyer, but
to successor owners as well when it is finally discovered. See Bernhardt, You
Can Sell But You Can't Hide, 18 CEB RPLR 182 (May 1995). Furthermore, she faces
liability for any personal injuries that result from the failure to disclose,
even when the victim is a remote nonproperty owner (such as th e contractor's
employee in Lewis). Thus, caveat emptor only works for some defects.
Preston v Goldman 42 Cal. 3d 108, 227, Cal. Rptr. 817 (1986) , much discussed in
the Lewis opinion, did involve a condition that was known to the sellers, but
because it was visible, it was also known to the buyers, which makes the
situation legally the same as if it had been disclosed to them. The seller may
incur post-sale liability only when the defect is latent and known only to the
seller. Perhaps a discovery by the next owner before the condition causes any
personal harm might terminate the original seller's liability risk, although
liability for the reduced value of the property should still remain intact
(under CC §3343; see Bernhardt, On Making and Breaking Contracts, 27 CEB RPLR 12
(Jan. 2004)).
If your clients are selling their property, you can tell them that they don't
have to repair everything that doesn't work, but they do have to disclose
everything that wasn't repaired (and maybe even report the disrepairs they think
they fixed).
The Reporter for this case was Roger Bernhardt of the Golden Gate Law School,
San Francisco, writing in the California Real Property Reporter. Reprinted with
permission.
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